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Type 42 destroyer
History
The class was designed in the late 1960s to provide fleet area air-defence. In total fourteen vessels were constructed in three batches, five of which remain in service. In addition, two ships were also built to the same specifications as the Batch 1 vessels for the Argentine Navy, one of which remains in service. The ships, along with the Type 23 frigates, today help to form the backbone of the Royal Navy surface fleet, although their place is being taken by the Type 45 destroyers. HMS Sheffield and Coventry were lost in the Falklands War to enemy action, this war being the first where two surface warships of the same design have been on opposite sides since the second world war, where four Flower class corvettes were launched by the German navy.
When the Type 82 air defence cruisers were cancelled along with the proposed CVA-01 carrier by the Labour Government of 1966, the Type 42 was proposed as a lighter and cheaper design with the similar capabilities as the Type 82. The class is fitted with the GWS30 Sea Dart surface-to-air missile first deployed on Bristol. The Type 42s were also given a flight deck and hangar to field an anti-submarine warfare helicopter, greatly increasing their utility compared to the Type 82, which was fitted with a flightdeck but no on board aviation facilities.
The design was budgeted with a ceiling of 19 million per hull, but soon ran over-budget. The final design at (21 million) became a similar concept to the lengthened 'Batch 3'. To cut costs, the first two batches had 47 feet removed from the bow and the beam-to-length ratio was reduced. These early Type 42s performed poorly during the contractor's sea trials particularly in heavy seas and the hull was extensively examined for other problems. The Batch 1s (Sheffield through to Cardiff) and Batch 2s (Exeter through to Liverpool) are notoriously poor sea-keepers compared to the later Batch 3s.
The first of class was initially fitted with exhaust deflectors (Loxton Bends) to her Rolls Royce Olympus TM1A turbine engines to minimise damage to overhead aerials. As this was a prominent target for then new infra-red homing missiles, the deflectors were removed during Sheffield's 1979-1980 refit in Portsmouth. All subsequent Olympus and Tyne uptakes were fitted with 'cheese graters' which mix machinery space vent air with the engine exhaust to minimise infra-red signatures.
The Argentine versions of this class are both based at Puerto Belgrano; Santisima Trinidad now being used for spares for her heavily modified sister, Hercules, which has a new aft superstructure and hangar and Exocet missile launchers.
Design details
The Type 42 destroyer was built to fill the gap left by the cancellation of the large Type 82 destroyer. It was intended to fulfil the same role, with similar systems yet on a smaller and more cost effective hull. The ships are primarily carriers for the GWS-30 Sea Dart surface-to-air missile system. Although claimed to be obsolete, it is still effective against most modern missile threats, as proven in the 1991 Gulf War.
The Type 42 is also equipped with a 4.5 inch (114 mm) gun and six torpedo launchers. Two Vulcan Phalanx Mk 15 Close-In Weapons Systems (CIWS) were fitted to British type 42s after the loss of Sheffield to an Exocet missile. There have been three batches of ships, Batch 1 & 2 displacing 4,820 tonnes and Batch 3 (sometimes referred to as the Manchester class) displacing 5,200 tonnes. As per the norm, Batch 3 ships were heavily upgraded. Although the Batch 3 ships were lengthened, the planned Sea Wolf missile systems were never fitted. Because of their more general warfare role, the two Argentine ships have been fitted with the MM38 Exocet, and not with a CIWS.
The electronics suite includes one Type 1022 D-band long range radar with Outfit LFB track extractor or one Type 965P long ranger air surveillance radar, one Type 996 E/F-band 3D target indication radar with Outfit LFA track extractor or type 992Q surface search, two Type 909 I/J-band fire control radars and an Outfit LFD Radar Track Combiner.
In recent years the importance of the ageing Type 42 destroyers has increased. The UK has adopted an increasingly expeditionary defence policy and the deletion of the Sea Dart missile systems from the Invincible class aircraft carriers has made the role of escort ships all the more important.
All ships are propulsed by Rolls Royce TM3B Olympus and Rolls Royce RM1C Tyne marinised gas turbines, arranged in a COGOG (Combined Gas or Gas) arrangement, driving through Synchronous Self-Shifting Clutches into a Double Reduction, Dual Tandem, Articulated, Locked-Train gear system and out through five blade Stone Manganese Controllable Pitch Propellers (CPP). All have four Paxman Ventura 16YJCAZ diesel generators, each creating 1 MW of 3ph 440V 60Hz power.
Construction programme
Pennant
Name
(a) Hull builder
Ordered
Laid down
Launched
Accepted into service
Commissioned
Estimated building cost
Royal Navy - Batch 1
D80
Sheffield
Vickers Shipbuilders Ltd, Barrow-in-Furness.
14 November 1968
15 January 1970
10 June 1971
16 February 1975
16 February 1975
23,200,000
D86
Birmingham
Cammell Laird & Co, Birkenhead.
21 May 1971
28 March 1972
30 July 1973
26 November 1976
3 December 1976
31,000,000
D87
Newcastle
Swan Hunters Ltd, Wallsend-on-Tyne.
11 November 1971
21 February 1973
24 April 1975
25 February 1978
23 March 1978
34,600,000
D118
Coventry
Cammell Laird & Co, Birkenhead.
21 May 1971
29 January 1973
21 June 1974
20 October 1978
10 November 1978
37,900,000
D88
Glasgow
Swan Hunters Ltd, Wallsend-on-Tyne.
11 November 1971
16 April 1974
14 April 1976
9 March 1979
24 May 1979
36,900,000
D108
Cardiff
Vickers Shipbuilders Ltd, Barrow-in-Furness (to launching stage)
Swan Hunters Ltd, Hebburn (for completion).
10 June 1971
6 November 1972
22 February 1974
22 September 1979
24 September 1979
40,500,000
Royal Navy - Batch 2
D89
Exeter
Swan Hunters Ltd, Wallsend-on-Tyne.
22 January 1976
22 July 1976
25 April 1978
30 August 1980
19 September 1980
60,100,000
D90
Southampton
Vosper Thornycroft Ltd, Woolston.
17 March 1976
21 October 1976
29 January 1979
17 August 1981
31 October 1981
67,500,000
D92
Liverpool
Cammell Laird & Co, Birkenhead.
27 May 1977
5 July 1978
25 September 1980
12 May 1982
1 July 1982
92,800,000
D91
Nottingham
Vosper Thornycroft Ltd, Woolston.
1 March 1977
6 February 1978
18 February 1980
22 December 1982
14 April 1983
82,100,000
Royal Navy - Batch 3
D95
Manchester
Vickers Shipbuilders Ltd, Barrow-in-Furness.
10 November 1978
19 May 1978
24 November 1980
19 November 1982
16 December 1982
110,000,000
D98
York
Swan Hunters Ltd, Wallsend-on-Tyne.
25 April 1979
18 January 1980
21 June 1982
25 March 1985
9 August 1985
118,700,000
D96
Gloucester
Vosper Thornycroft Ltd, Woolston.
27 March 1979
29 October 1979
2 November 1982
16 May 1985
11 September 1985
120,800,000
D97
Edinburgh
Cammell Laird & Co, Birkenhead.
25 April 1979
8 September 1980
13 April 1983
25 July 1985
17 December 1985
130,600,000
Armada Republica Argentina - Batch 1
D1
ARA Hercules
Vickers Shipbuilders Ltd, Barrow-in-Furness.
18 May 1970
16 June 1971
24 October 1972
10 May 1976
12 July 1976
D2
ARA Santisima Trinidad
AFNE, Rio Santiago, Argentina.
18 May 1970
11 October 1971
9 November 1974
1 July 1981
In May 1982, the Parliamentary Under-Secretary of State (Jerry Wiggin) stated that the current replacement cost of a type 42 destroyer of the Sheffield class was "about 120 million."
In July 1984, the Parliamentary Under-Secretary of State (John Lee) stated: "the average cost of the three type 42 destroyers currently under construction is 117 million at 198384 price levels."
Running costs
Not including major refits and upgrades
Date
Running cost
What is included
Citation
1981-82
10.0 million
Average annual running cost of Type 42s at average 198182 prices and including associated aircraft costs but excluding the costs of major refits.
1985-86
15 million
The average cost of running and maintaining a type 42 destroyer for one year.
1987-88
7 million
The average annual operating costs, at financial year 1987-88 prices of a type 42 destroyer. These costs include personnel, fuel, spares and so on, and administrative support services, but exclude new construction, capital equipment, and refit-repair costs.
2001-02
13.0 million
Type 42 destroyer, average annual operating costs, based on historic costs over each full financial year. The figures include manpower, maintenance, fuel, stores and other costs (such as harbour dues), but exclude depreciation and cost of capital.
2002-03
13.5 million
Including refits and upgrades
In May 2000, the Parliamentary Under-Secretary of State (John Spellar) stated: "The running costs of each of the Royal Navy's Type 42 destroyers for each of the past five years are contained in the following table. This includes repair and maintenance, manpower, fuel and other costs such as port and harbour dues. Year-on-year variations are largely attributable to refit periods."
Ship
199596
199697
199798
199899
19992000
Citation
HMS Birmingham
32.28 million
16.92 million
17.38 million
13.38 million
10.39 million
HMS Newcastle
32.60 million
31.60 million
18.57 million
13.90 million
13.73 million
HMS Glasgow
14.70 million
29.47 million
26.36 million
13.61 million
12.65 million
HMS Cardiff
19.86 million
41.2 million
28.86 million
13.20 million
17.87 million
HMS Exeter
19.46 million
15.72 million
40.83 million
12.76 million
14.48 million
HMS Southampton
16.53 million
20.37 million
17.91 million
39.09 million
18.79 million
HMS Nottingham
18.70 million
17.24 million
19.08 million
13.08 million
32.74 million
HMS Liverpool
16.92 million
20.75 million
14.59 million
14.79 million
14.63 million
HMS Manchester
17.99 million
19.40 million
14.58 million
12.22 million
12.69 million
HMS Gloucester
19.33 million
19.40 million
13.89 million
21.49 million
15.77 million
HMS York
20.48 million
19.79 million
17.50 million
11.78 million
21.88 million
HMS Edinburgh
35.27 million
19.29 million
22.50 million
13.00 million
12.28 million
Availability
In February 1998, the Minister of State for Defence, Dr Reid said: "Type 42 destroyers achieved approximately 84 to 86 per cent average availability for operational service in each of the last five years. This discounts time spent in planned maintenance. "
Fate of ships
Pennant
Name
Commissioned
Home port
Status
Royal Navy
Batch 1
D80
Sheffield
16 February 1975
Portsmouth
Sunk in Falklands War 4 May 1982
D86
Birmingham
3 December 1976
Portsmouth
Scrapped 1999
D88
Glasgow
25 May 1977
Portsmouth
Scrapped December 2008
D87
Newcastle
23 March 1978
Portsmouth
Scrapped November 2008
D118
Coventry
20 October 1978
Portsmouth
Sunk in Falklands War 25 May 1982
D108
Cardiff
24 September 1979
Portsmouth
Scrapped November 2008
Batch 2
D89
Exeter
18 September 1980
Portsmouth
Decommissioned 27 May 2009
D90
Southampton
31 October 1981
Portsmouth
Decommissioned 12 February 2009
D92
Liverpool
9 July 1982
Portsmouth
Active
D91
Nottingham
8 April 1983
Portsmouth
Decommissioned 11th February 2010
Batch 3
D95
Manchester
16 December 1982
Portsmouth
Active
D98
York
9 August 1985
Portsmouth
Active
D96
Gloucester
11 September 1985
Portsmouth
Active
D97
Edinburgh
17 December 1985
Portsmouth
Active
Armada Republica Argentina
BV52
ARA Hercules
12 July 1976
Puerto Belgrano
Active
D2
ARA Santisima Trinidad
1 July 1981
Puerto Belgrano
Uncrewed and awaiting disposal
Service life
In May 1982, the Minister of State (Peter Blaker) was asked about the the current planned in-service life for the type 21 and type 22 frigates and type 42 destroyer, and replied: "It is too early to offer a precise assessment; but on current plans we do not expect any of these ships to be phased out before the 1990s and some will continue in service until the next century."
Replacement
Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (April 2009)
The ships are all scheduled to be out of service by 2014. By 2007 none of the Batch 1 vessels remained in commission. Initially the UK sought to procure replacements first in collaboration with seven other NATO nations under the NFR-90 project and then with France and Italy through the Horizon CNGF programme. However, both these collaborative ventures failed and the UK decided to go it alone with a national project. Jane's described this situation in its 2000 Warship's edition as 'little short of a national scandal'.
The Type 42s are now to be replaced by six Type 45 destroyers (Daring, Dauntless, Defender, Dragon, Duncan and Diamond) which have been ordered and are in the process of build and acceptance as of 2009[update]. The Type 42 class has always suffered from cramped accommodation, a problem for crew safety and comfort, and also when finding space for upgrades. The Type 45s are to be considerably larger, displacing almost 7,400 tonnes, compared to the Type 42 displacement of 4,8205,200 tonnes.
See also
Media related to Type 42 destroyers at Wikimedia Commons
Footnotes
^ The term used in Navy Estimates and Defence Estimates is "accepted into service". Hansard has used the term acceptance date. Leo Marriott in his various books uses the term "completed", as does Jane's Fighting Ships. These terms all mean the same thing: the date the Navy accepts the vessel from the builder. This date is important because maintenance cycles, etc. are generally calculated from the acceptance date.
^ "Unit cost, i.e. excluding cost of certain items (e.g. aircraft, First Outfits)." - Text from Defences Estimates
"They do not include other costs, such as those for Government Furnished Equipment (GFE)s they are not held centrally for each ship and could be provided only at disproportionate cost." Bob Ainsworth, Minister of State for the Armed Forces, 16 July 2008.
^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar as at au av aw ax ay az ba bb bc bd be bf bg bh bi bj bk bl bm bn bo bp bq br bs bt Marriott, Leo Modern Combat Ships 3, Type 42, pub Ian Allan, 1985, ISBN 0-7110-1453-1 page 28.
^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r Hansard: HC Deb 23 October 1989 vol 158 cc357-8W 357W Question to the Secretary of State for Defence regarding warship costs, 23 October 1989. This section is the first part of the table that is continued on Hansard: HC Deb 23 October 1989 vol 158 c360W .
^ a b c d e f g h i j k 16 July 2008 : Column 452W Questions to Secretary of the State for Defence, 16 July 2008.
Marriott, Leo Modern Combat Ships 3, Type 42, pub Ian Allan, 1985, ISBN 0-7110-1453-1 page 28.
These two sources are in agreement about the dates vessels were commissioned, with the following exceptions:
Sheffield: Marriott 28 February 1975. Hansard 16 February 1975.
Glasgow: Marriott 25 May 1979. Hansard 24 May 1979.
Cardiff: Marriott 19 October 1979. Hansard 24 September 1979.
Nottingham: Marriott 8 April 1983. Hansard 14 April 1983.
Liverpool: Marriott 9 July 1982. Hansard 1 July 1982.
^ Hansard: HC Deb 23 October 1989 vol 158 cc357-8W 357W Question to the Secretary of State for Defence regarding warship costs, 23 October 1989.
Marriott, Leo Modern Combat Ships 3, Type 42, pub Ian Allan, 1985, ISBN 0-7110-1453-1 page 15.
Moore, John Jane's Fighting Ships, 1982-83, pub Jane's Publishing Co Ltd, 1982, ISBN 0-7106-0742-3 page 553.
^ Hansard: HC Deb 23 October 1989 vol 158 cc357-8W 357W Question to the Secretary of State for Defence regarding warship costs, 23 October 1989 says 26 November 1976.
Marriott, Leo Modern Combat Ships 3, Type 42, pub Ian Allan, 1985, ISBN 0-7110-1453-1 page 28 says October 1976.
^ Hansard: HC Deb 23 October 1989 vol 158 cc357-8W 357W Question to the Secretary of State for Defence regarding warship costs, 23 October 1989 says 31.0 million.
Moore, John Jane's Fighting Ships, 1982-83, pub Jane's Publishing Co Ltd, 1982, ISBN 0-7106-0742-3 page 553 says 30.9 million.
^ a b c d Moore, John Jane's Fighting Ships, 1982-83, pub Jane's Publishing Co Ltd, 1982, ISBN 0-7106-0742-3 page 553.
^ Hansard: HC Deb 23 October 1989 vol 158 cc357-8W 357W Question to the Secretary of State for Defence regarding warship costs, 23 October 1989 says 40.5 million.
Moore, John Jane's Fighting Ships, 1982-83, pub Jane's Publishing Co Ltd, 1982, ISBN 0-7106-0742-3 page 553 said 40.4 million.
Marriott, Leo Modern Combat Ships 3, Type 42, pub Ian Allan, 1985, ISBN 0-7110-1453-1 page 15 said 40.4 million.
Aldrich, Richard James Intelligence, Defence, and Diplomacy: British Policy in the Post-War World. Taylor & Francis, pub 1994, ISBN 0-7146-4140-5 page 119 says: "One example of how delay in procurement programmes can raise costs is the construction of the Type-42 destroyer HMS Cardiff. Vickers Shipbuilders had originally intended to deliver the vessel in 1975 for a total cost of 15 million. Owing to difficulties in recruiting labourer to work on construction the ship was only completed in 1978 and cost double the original price (over 30 millon)." On page 129 it gives the source of this cost data as: "Fourth Report from the Committee on Public Accounts, 1976-77 (H.C. 304), April 1977, pp xii-xiii and Q. 92."
The cost quoted in Aldrich is from a source written before the completion of the vessel, and so is less complete than the cost quoted in Jane's and Marriott, which were written after completion of the vessel, and are nearly the same as the Hansard figure.
^ a b c d e f Hansard HC Deb 23 October 1989 vol 158 cc358-61W Questions to the Secretary of State for Defence, 23 October 1989.
^ Hansard HC Deb 27 May 1982 vol 24 c397W Question to the Secretary of State for Defence about the current replacement cost of a type 42 destroyer of the Sheffield class., 27 May 1982
^ Hansard HC Deb 23 July 1984 vol 64 c534W Question to the Secretary of State for Defence about the latest cost estimate of a type 42 destroyer, 23 July 1984.
^ Hansard HC Deb 16 July 1982 vol 27 cc485-6W Question to the Secretary of State for Defence about operating costs of naval vessels, 16 July 1982.
^ Hansard HC Deb 22 January 1987 vol 108 c730W Question to the Secretary of State for Defence about operating costs of naval vessels, 22 January 1987.
^ Hansard HC Deb 10 March 1989 vol 148 c44W Question to the Secretary of State for Defence about operating costs of naval vessels, 10 March 1989.
^ Hansard HC Deb 09 September 2003 vol 410 cc346-7W Question to the Secretary of State for Defence 9 September 2003.
^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m Hansard HC Deb 22 May 2000 vol 350 cc318-9W Question to the Secretary of State for Defence about operating costs of naval vessels, 22 May 2000.
^ Hansard 5 Feb 1998 : Column: 762 Answer by Secretary of State for Defence, Dr Reid, 5 February 1998.
^ Daily Echo HMS Southampton bows out after 28 years
^ Hansard HC Deb 04 May 1982 vol 23 c55W Question to the Secretary of State for Defence about the in-service life of frigates and destroyers, 4 May 1982.
References
v d e
Type 42 destroyer
Royal Navy
Sheffield Birmingham Cardiff Coventry Newcastle Glasgow Exeter Southampton Nottingham Liverpool Manchester York Gloucester Edinburgh
Argentine Navy
Hrcules Santsima Trinidad
Preceded by: Type 82 Followed by: Type 45
List of destroyers of the Royal Navy
Categories: Destroyer classes | Active destroyers of the United Kingdom | Type 42 destroyersHidden categories: Articles needing cleanup from January 2010 | All pages needing cleanup | Wikipedia introduction cleanup from January 2010 | Articles lacking in-text citations from April 2009 | All articles lacking in-text citations | Articles lacking sources from April 2009 | All articles lacking sources | Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2009 | All articles containing potentially dated statements
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